| Customization: | Available |
|---|---|
| Customized: | Customized |
| Certification: | CE, ISO, RoHS |
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Two fluids, of different starting temperatures, flow through the heat exchanger. One flows through the tubes (the tube side) and the other flows outside the tubes but inside the shell (the shell side). Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other through the tube walls, either from tube side to shell side or vice versa. The fluids can be either liquids or gases on either the shell or the tube side. In order to transfer heat efficiently, a large heat transfer area should be used, leading to the use of many tubes. In this way, waste heat can be put to use. This is an efficient way to conserve energy.
Heat exchangers with only one phase (liquid or gas) on each side can be called one-phase or single-phase heat exchangers. Two-phase heat exchangers can be used to heat a liquid to boil it into a gas (vapor), sometimes called boilers, or to cool the vapors and condense it into a liquid (called condensers), with the phase change usually occurring on the shell side. Boilers in steam engine locomotives are typically large, usually cylindrically-shaped shell-and-tube heat exchangers. In large power plants with steam-driven turbines, shell-and-tube surface condensers are used to condense the exhaust steam exiting the turbine into condensate water which is recycled back to be turned into steam in the steam generator.
They are also used in liquid-cooled chillers for transferring heat between the refrigerant and the water in both the evaporator and condenser, and in air-cooled chillers for only the evaporator.
DGXT Selection of tube material
To be able to transfer heat well, the tube material should have good thermal conductivity. Because heat is transferred from a hot to a cold side through the tubes, there is a temperature difference through the width of the tubes. Because of the tendency of the tube material to thermally expand differently at various temperatures, thermal stresses occur during operation. This is in addition to any stress from high pressures from the fluids themselves. The tube material also should be compatible with both the shell-and-tube side fluids for long periods under the operating conditions (temperatures, pressures, pH, etc.) to minimize deterioration such as corrosion. All of these requirements call for careful selection of strong, thermally-conductive, corrosion-resistant, high quality tube materials, typically metals, including aluminium, copper alloy, stainless steel, carbon steel, non-ferrous copper alloy, Inconel, nickel, Hastelloy and titanium. Fluoropolymers such as Perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) and Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) are also used to produce the tubing material due to their high resistance to extreme temperatures. Poor choice of tube material could result in a leak through a tube between the shell-and-tube sides causing fluid cross-contamination and possibly loss of pressure.
DGXT Applications and uses
The simple design of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger makes it an ideal cooling solution for a wide variety of applications. One of the most common applications is the cooling of hydraulic fluid and oil in engines, transmissions and hydraulic power packs. With the right choice of materials they can also be used to cool or heat other mediums, such as swimming pool water or charge air.There are many advantages to shell-and-tube technology over plates
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are integral components in thermal engineering, primarily used for efficient heat transfer. The design and arrangement of the tubes within these exchangers are fundamental to their operation and effectiveness. The precise design and specification of tubes in shell and tube heat exchangers underscore the complexities of thermal engineering. Each design aspect, from material selection to tube arrangement and fluid flow, plays a vital role in the exchanger's performance, showcasing the intricacies and precision required in this field.
Tubes in these exchangers, often termed as condenser tubes, are distinct from typical water tubing. They adhere to the Birmingham Wire Gage standard, which dictates specific dimensions such as the outside diameter. For example, a 1-inch tube according to will have an exact outside diameter of 1 inch. Detailed specifications are available in specialized references.
The tubes are made from a variety of materials, each chosen based on specific system requirements including thermal conductivity, strength, and corrosion resistance.
The arrangement of tubes is a crucial design aspect. They are positioned in holes drilled in tube sheets, with the spacing between holes - known as tube pitch - being a key factor for both structural integrity and efficiency. Tubes are typically organized in square or triangular patterns, and specific layouts are detailed in engineering references.
Tube count refers to the maximum number of tubes that can fit within a shell of a specific diameter without weakening the tube sheet. This aspect is crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and efficiency of the heat exchanger. Information on tube counts for various shell sizes can be found in specialized literature.
In shell and tube heat exchangers, there are two distinct fluid streams for heat transfer. The tube fluid circulates inside the tubes, while the shell fluid flows around them, guided by baffles. The movement of the shell fluid, whether it's side-to-side or up-and-down, and the number of passes it makes over the tubes, are controlled by segmental baffles, essential for maximizing heat transfer efficiency. These aspects are elaborated in dedicated references.
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